Bone grafting is commonly performed in conjunction with dental restorations such as bridges and implants. The success of these procedures often depends on the height, depth, and width of the jawbone at the implant site. When the jawbone has deteriorated or sustained significant damage, implants cannot be supported adequately, making bone grafting a necessary step for a successful restoration.

Factors Affecting Jaw Bone Volume

Several factors can reduce jawbone density and volume:

  • Periodontal Disease – Advanced gum disease can permanently damage the jawbone that supports teeth, leading to instability.
  • Tooth Extraction – Research indicates that after a tooth extraction, 40–60% of the surrounding bone may be lost within three years, creating a “bone defect.”
  • Injuries and Infections – Trauma to the jaw or dental infections can cause bone recession and loss.

Reasons for Bone Grafting

Bone grafting is highly successful and provides a preferable alternative to leaving missing or diseased teeth untreated. It can restore height and width to the jawbone, filling voids and defects.

Bone grafting primarily benefits oral health in two ways:

  • Jaw Stabilization – Grafting restores and stabilizes the jawbone for implants or other restorative procedures, correcting deformities and providing additional support.
  • Preservation – Bone grafts help prevent bone loss following tooth extraction, periodontal disease, or other invasive dental treatments.

Oral Examination

Before the procedure, the dentist will examine the affected area to evaluate the condition of the teeth and gums. Any periodontal disease or adjacent dental issues will be addressed first. Panoramic X-rays are usually taken to assess the depth and width of the existing bone, and occasionally a CAT scan is recommended for more precise evaluation. In some cases, the dentist may anesthetize the area to explore the gum and determine the type and amount of bone required.

What Bone Grafting Involves

There are several types of bone grafts, and your dentist will recommend the most suitable option:

  • Autogenous Bone Graft – Bone taken from the patient’s own body, usually from the lower jaw or chin. This method offers the most predictable results.
  • Allograft Bone Graft – Donor or synthetic bone is used in this type of graft.
  • Xenograft – Bone derived from cows is used.

The grafting process can take several months to complete. Bone from the patient or a bone bank is added to the affected site, where it fuses with existing bone. Cellular migration encourages firm adhesion and new bone growth, creating a strong foundation to support implants.

During the procedure, the area is numbed with local anesthesia. The dentist prepares the site and anchors the graft into place. A synthetic membrane may be used to cover the graft, protecting it from soft tissue and bacteria while encouraging growth. Bone grafting is typically an outpatient procedure, and detailed post-operative care instructions will be provided. Medications may be prescribed to manage discomfort, swelling, and prevent infection.